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Article History

Received: 9 February 2026

Accepted: 13 April 2026

First Online: 3 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Competing Interests: RR, MT, PCI, NG, BS, DT report no competing interests. ENL’s employer, Griffith University, has received an investigator-initiated research grant from the BBraun Foundation, unrelated to the current work. AJU’s employer, The University of Queensland, has received investigator-initiated research grants from Eloquest, StatSeal and 3 M/Solventum, unrelated to the current work. NM: Griffith University and The University of Queensland have received on her behalf investigator-initiated grants from BBraun Foundation, Eloquest, Cardinal Health, 3 M, and Biolife, and consultancy payments for lectures or opinion from 3 M, Medline, and Wolters Kluwer, unrelated to this work. DA has undertaken consultancy work for NAVI technologies and 3 M, paid to her employer and unrelated to this work. AC’s employer has received investigator-initiated research grants or consultancy payments on her behalf from Eloquest, Terumo, 3 M/Solventum, Biolife, Wolters Kluwer and ITL Biomedical. RJC has received an NHMRC Investigator Grant (APP1194051). CMR’s employers (Griffith University or The University of Queensland) have received on her behalf an investigator-initiated research grant from BD; consultancy payments for expert advice or lectures from BBraun, BD, ITL Medical; and that Griffith University has received educational grants for AVATAR from 3 M/Solventum, Angiodynamics/Spectrum Vascular, and ICU Medical. JB’s employer, Griffith University, has received on his behalf: an investigator-initiated grant-in-aid from BD-Bard, NeoNav, 3 M, Edwards Life Sciences and Abbott. All other authors have no conflicts to declare.

: Ethical approval for this secondary analysis was obtained from Queensland Children’s Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/15/RCH/241, Amendment 09; HREC/2018/QCHQ/48682, Amendment 03) and Griffith University Human Research Ethics Committee (Ref no. 2016/063; Ref no. 2019/094). All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the larger RCTs and the completion of Eq. 5D and AHPEQS instruments.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.