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Authors
Liu, Yutong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5912-484X
Li, Mingyu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9421-3810
Zhang, Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9459-6703
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Article History
Received: 6 February 2025
Accepted: 8 August 2025
First Online: 16 September 2025
Declarations
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: No formal ethics approval was required for the conduct of this study. All methodologies adhered to the ethical guidelines established by the institutional committee on human sciences and complied with the 2019 revisions of the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity TENK regulations. Participants were provided with an information sheet, a consent form, and a privacy notice to ensure transparency and ethical compliance. The authors have no financial or non-financial interests that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication to disclose.
