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Authors
Li, Xiao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1817-8504
MacLean, Alair
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Article History
Received: 19 January 2025
Accepted: 3 September 2025
First Online: 23 September 2025
Declarations
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: None.
: This study adopts restricted-use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (1997), sponsored and directed by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and managed by the Center for Human Resource Research (CHRR) at Ohio State University. This manuscript has been ruled exempt by the IRB because it involves secondary research with data and records that are available to the public.
