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Article History

Accepted: 17 January 2024

First Online: 7 February 2024

Declarations

: <b>Ethical Approval</b>This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approval was granted from the department of social science management of Shanghai Normal University as part of the “intelligent education” innovative team research projects.

: The guideline of informed consent was strictly followed. The information of the participants was reported anonymously, and no identifying details, such as names, dates of birth, or identity numbers were presented in the paper.

: Prior to the study, we informed the participants about the research design, obtained consent from all of them, and they could opt out the study anytime during the process.

: We also affirm that all the participants consented to the submission of the data of the study to the journal.

: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.