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Article History

Accepted: 28 March 2025

First Online: 20 April 2025

Declarations

:

: This research was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee at Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia, in compliance with the ethical standards of the National Committee for Bioethics at King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. Approval was granted under the reference number HAPO-02-K-012-2024-12-2355 with an approval date of 3 December 2024. The study was approved on the condition that it adhered strictly to the submitted protocol, with any amendments requiring prior approval.

: Prior to conducting the study, all the participants were provided with clear information about its purpose, the voluntary nature of their research participation, the protection of their privacy and personal data, and the use of empirical data for research purposes only. Informed written consent with this information was obtained from all the participants who took part in the study.

: The author declares no competing interests.‎.