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The Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Rendition of Certain Articles of Ḥanbalī Sharīʿa Code into English: A Comparison of Automatic and Human Evaluation of Translation Output Quality of ChatGPT and Gemini in Arabic–English Legal Translation

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-025-10337-1

Published Online: 2025-08-07

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Alwazna, Rafat Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7568-699X
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Arabic Observatory of Translation under the Alecso Organization & Literature, Publishing and Translation Commission, Ministry of Culture, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (2024-512)
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-08-07

Version of Record valid from 2025-08-07
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Article History

Accepted: 16 July 2025

First Online: 7 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The author has no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

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