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Article History

Accepted: 5 August 2025

First Online: 11 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for the study was not required, as we have not included especially vulnerable research participants. The study was prospectively approved by the legal office and data protection officer of the Ruhr-University Bochum before fieldwork started. Also, the municipality officers, school administration and representatives of respondents’ parents approved the study.

: Written informed consent from the research participants and written informed consent from parents or legal guardian has been acquired prior to the study.

: The research did not involve Animals. The data used for this study is derived from a survey using questionnaires. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Informed consent was also obtained from parents / legal guardians.

: The authors declare no competing interests.