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Authors
Hommerich, Carola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1724-877X
Sudo, Naoki https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3589-9418
Kanbayashi, Hiroshi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (19H00609, 21H00776)
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Article History
Received: 28 September 2024
Accepted: 20 August 2025
First Online: 23 October 2025
Declarations
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: In 2021, we published an analysis of the first three waves of SSPW2020, one of the two panel surveys we use in this article. However, the focus of the analysis we present here goes beyond our analysis and results of aforementioned previous paper, and we use additional data (all four waves of SSPW2020 and a second panel, SSPW2021). For full disclosure, we include the link to the previous paper here:
: Approval was obtained for the two panel surveys (SSPW2020, SSPW2021) used in this paper from the Social Research Ethics Review Board of the Graduate School of Human Science at Osaka University.
: We have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
