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Authors
Romero, Liss D. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7211-1320
Palacio, Katherine https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6134-7700
Ako Abang, Zacheous https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5130-5638
Silgado, Valeria https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9594-5669
Llinas, Humberto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2976-5109
González, Leidy https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8580-0733
Frydenlund, Erika https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7694-7845
Bolivar, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9664-3400
Padilla, Jose J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0720-4148
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Uninorte
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Article History
Received: 26 November 2024
Accepted: 22 November 2025
First Online: 17 February 2026
Declarations
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: The Ethics Committee at Universidad del Norte and the Air Force Research Laboratory Institutional Review Board approved the consent for the project “What’s Missing? Innovating Interdisciplinary Methods for Hard-to-Reach Environments” for data collection in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa. The English version of the informed consent form provided with the survey for perception of public security and social safety is presented below.
