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Authors
Cui, Niuniu
Zhang, Lei
Chen, Deshan
Zhang, Xiaodong
Wei, Jinsi
Xiao, Yao
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Article History
Received: 3 August 2024
Accepted: 4 December 2025
First Online: 7 January 2026
Declarations
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: The China Disabled Persons’ Federation (CDPF) conducted and supervised the survey. During the survey, the CDPF ensured the participants’ rights and compliance with ethical standards. This research also utilized a dataset from the National Basic Database of People with Disabilities, with approval granted by the CDPF for its inclusion in the study.
: The CDPF obtained the informed consent of the participants before conducting the survey. The database of the National Basic Database of People with Disabilities has waived the need for informed consent because it has been built through the linkage of administrative databases.
: No conflicts of interest.
