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Authors
Cui, Sizhan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6794-7982
Lu, Zhuofei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3597-3801
Wang, Senhu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0065-7059
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Education - Singapore (A-8002445-00-00)
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Article History
Received: 30 August 2025
Accepted: 28 January 2026
First Online: 3 March 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was not needed for the present study because this study involves a routinely available, functionally anonymized, secondary dataset (with data subjects having consented to secondary research use).
: Informed Consent was obtained from participants by American Time Use Survey; see more details from: https://www.bls.gov/tus/data/datafiles-0323.htm.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
