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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
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Article History
Received: 15 November 2025
Accepted: 11 September 2026
First Online: 22 September 2026
Declarations
Compliance with Ethical Standards: This paper uses data from SHARE Wave 6 and Wave 8. Access to the SHARE datasets is provided to registered users upon request at . This study uses publicly available anonymized SHARE data.
Financial Statement: The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the Italian Ministry of University and Research under the 2020 Miur PRIN Grant Prot. N. 2020KHSSKE ‘SOcial and health Frailty as determinants of Inequality in Aging’ (SOFIA).
<b>Conflict of Interest</b>: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
