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Article History

Received: 23 July 2025

Accepted: 4 March 2026

First Online: 2 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Patricia A. Iglesias and Melanie Revilla are also authors of the tool used in this survey for image collection, called WebdataVisual (Revilla et al., ). WebdataVisual is openly available for public use, and the authors do not receive any financial compensation or benefits from third-party utilization of the tool.

: The WEB DATA OPP project, of which this study is part, has received ethical approval from the Institutional Committee for Ethical Review of Projects (CIREP) in Universitat Pompeu Fabra (December 17, 2019, CIREP- approval no. 135) and confirmation from the Data Protection Officer of the Universitat Pompeu Fabra (December 20, 2019). Informed consent was obtained from all participants before they could start the web survey.

: This study, its hypotheses, and the analyses were not preregistered prior to the analyses. However, a study protocol, providing detailed information about the research design, was submitted after data collection but before conducting any data analyses. This study protocol also included the main research question of the present investigation (Iglesias et al., ). The present analyses are based on data from the project "WEB DATA OPP: New opportunities to enhance or extend (mobile) web survey data and get better insights". Data are available under the terms of the Creative Common Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0) on the OSF project page. Code files used for data preparation and inferential analyses are also availabe from the OSF project page: https://osf.io/54x7s/overview