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Authors
Özdemir, Osman https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0627-0768
Avcı, Süleyman https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3185-3914
Avcu, Akif https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1977-7592
Özgenel, Mustafa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7276-4865
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Marmara University
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Article History
Received: 2 February 2026
Accepted: 11 May 2026
First Online: 21 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
: The authors obtained ethical approval for the study from Marmara University, the Ethics Committee of Educational Sciences Institute. The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all student participants as well as their parents. Additionally, necessary permissions were secured from school administrators and classroom teachers prior to data collection.
: Not applicable.
