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Article History

Received: 27 August 2025

Revised: 17 November 2025

Accepted: 30 December 2025

First Online: 19 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

: The samples were recruited from the clinical oncology clinic, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt. Diagnosis was based on mammogram and cell biopsy. Furthermore, the study population included female patients with primary, whose diagnosis was determined through histologic sampling and assessment according to the European Association for the Study of the breast guidelines. Finally, the study included 30 healthy age and 30 malignant-matched volunteers to serve as healthy control. Informed consent was obtained from every patient and the study was carried out in accordance with the regulations and recommendations of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was conducted using breast tissue biopsy samples collected during routine clinical procedures. Ethics approval was obtained from Ain Shams University. The research was carried out in accordance with the guidelines and recommendations of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: We, the authors of this study, declare that informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All participants provided written consent prior to their inclusion in the study, ensuring their voluntary participation and understanding of the research objectives.

: This manuscript has not been submitted elsewhere for publication, and we accept full responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of the work presented.