Updates are available Correction dated 2025-03-24

Article History

Accepted: 31 January 2025

First Online: 17 February 2025

Change Date: 20 March 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: In this article the author’s name Mehdi Fartash was incorrectly written as Mahdi Fartash

Change Date: 24 March 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07168-z

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research utilizes a dataset comprising real-world data from a narcotics trafficking network, obtained through formal authorization from authorized law enforcement agencies while maintaining strict adherence to ethical guidelines and legal frameworks. All personally identifiable information has been systematically encoded through comprehensive data sanitization protocols. The dataset utilization was exclusively restricted to academic research objectives. This investigation was conducted under the supervision and approval of an Institutional Review Board, ensuring comprehensive compliance with established ethical research standards and protocols.