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Article History

Accepted: 6 February 2025

First Online: 24 February 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study strictly adheres to research ethics and data privacy protection principles. During the data collection process, all sensor data were sourced from the actual monitoring system of the mine, with the necessary permissions and authorizations obtained prior to use. Sensitive information was anonymized and de-identified during the data processing stage to ensure the privacy and security of mine workers. Furthermore, the design and application of all algorithms in this study comply with mine safety standards, aiming to enhance the accuracy and timeliness of mine water hazard monitoring without negatively affecting the normal operations of the mine.