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Authors
Chu, BoHua
Zhang, BaoJu
Zhang, Bo
Zhang, CuiPing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Ministry of Education's China University Industry-University-Research Innovation Fund (2022BL084)
Tianjin Municipal Education Commission Research program (2024KJ061)
the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology's Education and Examination Center's 2024 Annual Research Project
the Tianjin Research Project on Undergraduate Teaching Reform and Quality Construction (A231006507)
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Article History
Accepted: 10 June 2025
First Online: 26 June 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study used publicly available datasets, including OASIS, LPBA40, IBSR18, and IXI. As these datasets have already undergone ethical review and are openly accessible for research purposes, no additional ethical approval was required.
: This study did not involve human participants directly. The data used was obtained from publicly available sources that do not require individual consent.
: All authors have reviewed and approved the final manuscript for publication. Since the study is based on publicly available datasets, no additional consent for publication is required.
