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Article History

Accepted: 2 January 2025

First Online: 9 February 2025

Declarations

:

: All patients provided written informed consent. The study protocol was approved by local institutional review boards at each participating centre. The study was conducted according to the Good Clinical Practice and the Declaration of Helsinki.

: The Authors declares that there is no financial or non-financial interests that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication.

: YL was an honorary associate research fellow at the University of Liverpool and was funded by Professor Kui Hong’s national key research and development project in the Second Hospital of Nanchang University and Nanchang University Abroad Scholarship. GFR reports consultancy for Boehringer Ingelheim and an educational grant from Anthos. TFC reports honoraria for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Pfizer, and Daiichi Sankyo, outside the submitted work. MVH reports receiving research grants from the Dutch Healthcare Fund, Dutch Heart Foundation, BMS-Pfizer, Bayer Healthcare and Boehringer Ingelheim and consulting fees from BMS-Pfizer, Bayer Healthcare and Boehringer Ingelheim to the institution. GYHL is the consultant and speaker for BMS/Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, and Anthos. No fees are received personally. He is a National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator and co-PI of the AFFIRMO project on multimorbidity in AF (grant agreement No 899871), TARGET project on digital twins for personalised management of atrial fibrillation and stroke (grant agreement No 101136244) and ARISTOTELES project on artificial intelligence for management of chronic long term conditions (grant agreement No 101080189), which are all funded by the EU’s Horizon Europe Research & Innovation programme. Other authors declare no competing interests.