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Authors
Arab, Zohreh https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3326-0704
Rezaee, Seyed Abdolrahim https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6814-5992
Mohammadi, Fatemeh Sadat https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0664-8678
Asna-Ashari, Amir-Hashem
Shariati, Alireza
Mahmoudabady, Maryam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0466-1311
Niazmand, Saeed https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6595-8170
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (89145)
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Article History
Received: 20 November 2024
Accepted: 23 September 2025
First Online: 5 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (IR.MUMS.MEDICAL.REC.1401.500). All BALF samples were leftover clinical specimens collected as part of routine diagnostic procedures. No additional sampling was performed for research purposes, and no intervention was applied to patients. Therefore, obtaining informed consent was waived by the ethics committee.
