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Authors
Kille, Alexander
Kaier, Klaus
Nührenberg, Thomas
Franke, Kilian
Valina, Christian M.
Yang, Xiaohong
Leibundgut, Gregor
Neumann, Franz-Josef
Westermann, Dirk
Hochholzer, Willibald
Tsimikas, Sotirios
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL159156 and HL170224.)
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Article History
Received: 14 June 2025
Accepted: 5 November 2025
First Online: 12 January 2026
Declarations
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: Dr Tsimikas is a coinventor and has received royalties from patents owned by the University of California-San Diego; is a co-founder of and has an equity interest in Oxitope and Kleanthi Diagnostics and has a dual appointment at the University of California San Diego and Ionis Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Kille reports speaker honoraria from Sysmex Astra Zeneca. Prof. Franz-Josef Neumann reports that his institution has received research grants, consultancy fees, and speaker honoraria from Daiichi Sankyo, Astra Zeneca, Sanofi-Aventis, Bayer, The Medicines Company, Bristol, Novartis, Roche, Boston Scientific, Biotronik, Medtronic, Edwards, and Ferrer. Prof. Hochholzer received consultancy honoraria from Daiichi Sankyo, The Medicines Company, and Ferrer and reports speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer Vital, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, and feo GmbH as well as research grants paid to his former institution from German Heart Foundation, Novartis, and Sysmex. Dr. Nührenberg is an employee of Novartis as of October 2021.
