Document is current

Article History

Received: 24 November 2025

Accepted: 22 December 2025

First Online: 12 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article and have received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

: Consent to publish was not required because this study used de-identified, publicly available National Inpatient Sample data and contains no individually identifiable information. The Creighton University Institutional Review Board approved the study and waived the requirement for consent to publish.

: Consent to participate was not required because this study analyzed de-identified, publicly available National Inpatient Sample data. The Creighton University Institutional Review Board approved the study and waived the requirement for informed consent.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Creighton University Institutional Review Board (IRB). The study used de-identified, publicly available National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data and was determined to be exempt from human subjects research requirements; therefore, informed consent was waived. (IRB approval/exemption number: [2044691-01]; date of determination: [6 th October, 2025).