Document is current

Article History

Received: 16 January 2026

Accepted: 22 March 2026

First Online: 20 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study used the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae, and coelomic fluid was extracted through safe, non-invasive methods that caused no harm to the organisms. As no vertebrate animals or human participants were involved, ethical approval was not required. All procedures followed institutional and regulatory guidelines for ethical research.

: The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding this publication.