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Article History

Received: 11 April 2024

Accepted: 30 July 2025

First Online: 11 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The broiler chickens were taken care of in accordance with the established regulations in “The governance of animal care and use for scientific purposes in Africa and the Middle East” (Mohr et al. ). Broiler chickens were kept under similar conditions to those under which commercial farm broiler chickens are kept as per directive no. 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union ). All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed by the authors. Use of broiler chickens was approved by the institution, Chinhoyi University of Technology.

: The manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data.

: The care and use of the broiler chickens conformed to the guidelines for animal experimentation of the National Animal Research Ethics Committee (NAREC) 18 A Borrowdale Road P.O. Box CY 551 Causeway Harare Zimbabwe for biomedical research involving the birds. The following animal welfare consideration issues were followed: Do not harm (pain or discomfort should be minimized); Only assess relevant components; reduction in the number of animals used; and minimize the overall impact on animals used.

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.