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Authors
Pastrana, Carlos Iglesias https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3765-1627
González, Francisco Javier Navas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0093-5151
Ciani, Elena https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5673-0975
Jurado, José Manuel León https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8969-574X
Bermejo, Juan Vicente Delgado https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1657-8838
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Union (CA.RA.VA.N - “Toward a Camel Transnational Value Chain” (Reference APCIN-2016-00011-00-00))
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (FPU Fellowship, Ramón y Cajal Post-Doctoral Contract (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033))
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Article History
Received: 7 November 2024
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 18 September 2025
Declarations
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: All farms involved in this study adhered to established codes of good husbandry practices, ensuring that dromedaries were managed humanely and in accordance with national standards for animal welfare. The procedures carried out were performed exclusively for officially recognized zootechnical purposes and, therefore, fall outside the scope of Royal Decree 53/2013 (1 February), which governs the protection of animals used in scientific research and education in Spain. This exclusion is explicitly stated in Article 2, paragraph (d), of the Decree. Importantly, animals were not physically handled, as the linear appraisal system applied in this study is based solely on visual assessment, without requiring any direct interaction or restraint.
: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
