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Authors
Osman, Aamir M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9199-3516
Hassan-Kadle, Ahmed A.
Silito, Igor S.
Secato, Caroline Tostes
Ibrahim, Abdalla M.
Serpa, Maria Carolina A.
André, Marcos R.
Vieira, Thállitha S. W. J.
Labruna, Marcelo B.
Machado, Rosangela Z.
Vieira, Rafael F. C.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
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Article History
Received: 6 February 2025
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 22 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the ethical committee of Abrar University, Somalia (reference number for sheep and goats: AU/ARTC/EC/10/2018; for cattle: AU/ARTC/EC/06/2019). All livestock owners gave consent to sample their animals.
: The authors have no competing financial interests to declare.
