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Article History

Received: 10 January 2025

Accepted: 28 October 2025

First Online: 18 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The Ethics Committee of Tanzania Livestock Research Institute approved the trial’s conduct. The trial followed the principles of good clinical practice. Animal handling complied with the welfare regulations outlined in Section 40 of Tanzania’s Animal Welfare Act No. 19 of 2008 and involved qualified and experienced field officers and field attendants.

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.