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Article History

Received: 18 September 2025

Accepted: 27 November 2025

First Online: 9 December 2025

Declarations

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: The experimental procedures were carried out at a conventional poultry farm under the supervision and authorisation of the Dean’s Office of the Faculty of Agriculture, Selçuk University. All animal handling and management practices complied with current European regulations on animal welfare in research settings (Directive 2010/63/EU) and with the principles of the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes. The study was also conducted in line with the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent revisions.

: During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT (OpenAI) to improve language clarity and to assist in rephrasing sections of the manuscript. After using this tool, the authors carefully reviewed, edited, and verified all content to ensure accuracy and integrity. The authors take full responsibility for the content of the publication.

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.