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Authors
Betancourth–Chaves, Patricia
Montoya–Zuluaga, John
Rodríguez, Berardo
Timarán–Rivera, Andrés
Ríos–Peña, Lina
Hernández–Oviedo, Filadelfo
Vallejo–Timarán, Darío https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6682-7743
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria
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Article History
Received: 22 August 2025
Accepted: 5 January 2026
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
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: All animal studies were conducted following the experimental practices and standards approved by the AGROSAVIA Research Ethics Committee (Act 937 of May 31, 2023). The cows were managed according to standard procedures for clinical exams, blood sampling, and milking sampling, avoiding or minimizing conditions that affect animal welfare.
: The authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose.
