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Authors
Benyounes, Ali https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0076-8912
Benhamza, Karima https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5815-3993
Farou, Brahim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1609-6006
Djakhdjakha, Lynda https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9596-3077
Seridi, Hamid https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0236-8541
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Article History
Received: 24 April 2025
Accepted: 14 January 2026
First Online: 30 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study did not involve any experimental procedures on animals. The data used was collected as part of routine farm management practices. Therefore, ethical approval and consent to participate were not required.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: Springer journals and proceedings: . Nature Portfolio journals: . Scientific Reports : . BMC journals:
: Open access dataset used: OpenCows2020. Authors: (William Andrew et al., 2021). Dataset link: . [Accessed November 14, 2025]. Open access dataset used: CowXNet. Authors: (Lodkaew et al., 2023). Dataset link: . [Accessed November 14, 2025].
