Document is current

Article History

Received: 27 September 2025

Accepted: 27 January 2026

First Online: 17 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with national guidelines for the care and use of animals in research. Approval was obtained from the Committee for the Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CCSEA), Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Government of India (Approval No.: V11011(13)/7/2024-CPCSE-DADF). As this was an emergency post-exposure intervention during active farm outbreaks, all procedures were performed on-site to avoid stress associated with animal movement and no experimental infection was conducted. Animals were maintained under routine husbandry conditions and monitored daily by farm veterinarians for any changes in feed intake, general demeanor, or signs of vaccine-related adverse reactions. Vaccination and blood collection was performed humanely by trained veterinary personnel. Allocation of vaccination routes to farms was performed using a simple random approach based on farm availability of species. Laboratory personnel performing the RFFIT assay were blinded to the treatment groups to reduce observer bias during antibody analyses. No animal required medical intervention beyond routine care, and no adverse events attributable to vaccination were recorded during the monitoring period.

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.