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Authors
Du, Zhe
Tian, Zhao
Fu, Linru
Wang, Xiuqi
Wang, Xinyi
Xu, Tao
Sun, Zhijing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (L232124)
Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research (2024-2-4014)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62476288)
National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Project (U114000)
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Article History
Received: 19 July 2025
Accepted: 7 October 2025
First Online: 27 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The National Centre for Health Statistics Ethics Review Committee granted ethics approval from the NHANES (Protocol No. 2005–06 for the 2005–2010 cycles, Protocol No. 2011–17 for the 2011–2016 cycles), as detailed on their official site ( ). The NHANES provides open-access data for public use. The analysis in our study is a secondary analysis of NHANES data. Secondary analyses of publicly accessible de-identified datasets are exempt from review by the Research Ethics Committee at our institution (the ethics committees of Peking Union Medical College Hospital). All individuals signed written informed consent before participating in the NHANES study. This study and its methodology are based on the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
