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Authors
de Souza Almeida, Artur
da Silva, Leonardo Olimpio Dias
Takahasi, Bianca Namie Abe
Terada, Bruno Damico
Gonçalves, Felipe Giraldo Alvarez
Porto, Breno Cordeiro
da Silva Sardenberg, Rodrigo Afonso
Passerotti, Carlo Camargo
Maia, Ronaldo Soares
Samaan, Farid
Thoman, Maxton
Molina, Wilson R
Shiomi da Cruz, Jose Arnaldo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4203-3196
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universidade Nove De Julho
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Article History
Received: 7 February 2026
Accepted: 14 July 2026
First Online: 27 July 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests.
Statement of significance: This study represents the most comprehensive meta-analysis on the topic to date ( n = 26 RCTs) and is the first to rigorously stratify glomerular filtration rate results by measurement method (creatinine-based vs. Cr-EDTA), effectively isolating methodological artifacts from true kidney injury. Unlike previous reviews, we also incorporated a wider range of kidney health markers, such as serum urea and albuminuria, to provide a robust safety assessment for both healthy individuals and patients with chronic kidney disease.
