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Article History

Received: 16 April 2025

Accepted: 18 October 2025

First Online: 26 December 2025

Declarations

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: The authors declare that there are no financial or non-financial competing interests related to the content of this research.

: This study involved secondary analysis of a nationally representative survey dataset of teachers. The data were fully de-identified prior to the authors’ access and contained no personally identifiable information. As such, the research was determined to meet the criteria for exempt status under applicable federal regulations governing research with human subjects. Ethical oversight was obtained in accordance with institutional guidelines.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants by the original data-collecting organization at the time of survey administration. Participants were informed of the voluntary nature of their participation and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty.