Kouadria, Walid
Poder, Sophie Le
van Maanen, Kees
Seuberlich, Torsten
Dawson, Kara L.D.
Zientara, Stéphan
Laabassi, Farouk
Article History
Received: 12 August 2025
Accepted: 23 September 2025
First Online: 4 October 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors confirm that ethical review is not required from this work in their region. Blood samples were collected by the researchers (veterinarians) after getting informed consent from the owners of the horses. All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering during sample collection. Oral and written informed consent was obtained from all people who participated in the study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.