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Authors
Kołodziej-Sobocińska, Marta https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4327-8216
Holec-Gąsior, Lucyna https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5421-6905
Ferra, Bartłomiej https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2176-3966
Kowalczyk, Rafał https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-2158
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Polish National Science Centre (grant no. UMO-2015/17/B/NZ6/03480)
Polish National Science Centre (grant no. 2012/07/B/NZ8/00066)
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Article History
Received: 23 June 2025
Accepted: 8 November 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Declarations
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: No European bison were killed specifically for this study. Blood samples were collected from animals culled by the authorities responsible for managing European bison in Białowieża National Park in BF, and the Knyszyn Forest District in KF with permission issued each year by the General Directorate for Environmental Protection. The animals were culled for various reasons, including being victims of road accidents, causing conflicts, being injured or sick, or for population control purposes. The culling of and sampling from European bison, a protected species, is regulated by the Polish Nature Conservation Act adopted on 16 April 2004 (Journal of Laws no 92/2004, item 880).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
