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Ameliorative pharmacological effects of dietary Chlorella vulgaris and β-glucan on chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress, immunomodulation, and growth performance in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-025-11025-y

Published Online: 2026-02-04

Published Print: 2026-04

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Mostafa, Ahmed E. A. https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7528-4756
Ramadan, Rana
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Delta University for Science and Technology
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Article History

Received: 4 September 2025

Accepted: 2 December 2025

First Online: 4 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All experimental procedures involving African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) were conducted in accordance with the institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals in research at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Delta University for Science and Technology, Egypt. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Delta University for Science and Technology under approval number DUVET-IACUC/2025/07. All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and to use the minimum number of fish necessary to achieve the scientific objectives of this study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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