Türedi, Oğuz Kağan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6527-8420
Şeker, Esra https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0969-5286
Funding for this research was provided by:
Afyon Kocatepe University
Article History
Received: 25 January 2026
Accepted: 11 March 2026
First Online: 21 March 2026
Declarations
:
: Milk samples were collected solely for routine diagnostic purposes under the responsibility of the authors, and no experimental, invasive, or manipulative procedures were performed on the animals. Sampling was conducted within standard herd health management practices without causing pain, distress, or harm to the animals. In accordance with national animal welfare regulations, the Afyon Kocatepe University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (AKUHADYEK) confirmed that ethical approval was not required for this study (Decision No. 49533702/239; March 25, 2020).
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
: The authors declare no competing interests.