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Authors
Varun, Chakrakodi N. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2450-4601
Chandel, Shubhangi https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7123-6605
Kumar, Dhanya Keshava https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1297-8984
Siddalingaiah, Nayana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3834-0719
Telang, Surbhi https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0306-3907
Bhalke, Preeti Soundarya https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8067-1459
Isloor, Shrikrishna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3264-3874
Reddy, Vijaylakshmi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7426-5082
Ashwini, M. A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-7066
Mahadevan, Anita https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4837-1463
Mani, Reeta S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6039-1187
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Rabies Control Programme, National Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
Indian Council of Medical Research (IRIS ID No 2021-12608)
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Article History
Received: 12 November 2025
Accepted: 14 December 2025
First Online: 19 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All human clinical samples were submitted to the rabies referral laboratory at NIMHANS, Bengaluru, from hospitals across India for diagnostic confirmation. Animal samples collected post-mortem from suspected rabid animals as part of routine surveillance in various states and submitted for laboratory confirmation were included. Since no live animals were used in this study, Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) approval was not required. The study protocol was approved by the NIMHANS Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) [NIMHANS/38th IEC (BS & NS DIV.)/2022, dated 16.11.2022].
