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Article History

Received: 19 November 2025

Accepted: 27 February 2026

First Online: 14 March 2026

Declarations

:

: DR declares grants or contracts and royalties or licenses from Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, Tokyo, Japan, until 2023. CD declares a link of interest with the Sanofi and Merck pharmaceutical companies. PC is a scientific advisor for BioSellal and Triber companies. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare relative to this study. Funding sources played no role in the design and performance of the study, the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data, or the preparation, review, and approval of the manuscript.

: Analysis has been performed using SARS-CoV-2 genomes available in sequence databases (see data availability statement). SARS-CoV-2 genomes sequenced at our institute and analyzed here had already been described; they had been obtained through genomic surveillance, as recommended by the French government ( ). Genome sequencing for SARS-CoV-2 genomes reported here had already been approved by the Ethical Committee of the Méditerranée Infection institute under reference No. 2022–041 (Bader et al., 2023), and the present study has been linked to the Health Data Access Portal of Marseille university and public hospitals (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM)) that was registered with No. PADS24-190 and was approved by the Ethics and Scientific Committee of AP-HM.