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Authors
Feng, Yueying
Liu, Xiao
Shen, Ziyi
Li, Siyao
Zhang, Yuhuan
Gao, Xing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5436-4278
Nie, Chengjing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72374063)
Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department (BJ2025284))
the Hebei University of Economics and Business Graduate Student Innovation Ability Training Fund (XJCX202516)
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Article History
Received: 6 April 2025
Accepted: 2 June 2025
First Online: 17 June 2025
Declarations
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: Not applicable. This study utilizes exclusively non-sensitive, anonymized statistical data from the China City Statistical Yearbook () and National Tibetan Plateau Data Center.(). These government-compiled datasets contain no personal or identifiable information and are publicly accessible under China’s Open Government Information Regulations. No human or animal subjects were involved in this research.
: All authors have read and agreed to the submission of this manuscript to Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. The content has not been published or submitted elsewhere.
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
