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Authors
Almalki, Manal A.
Mohamed, Ashraf A.
Mahmoud, Safwat A.
Ahmed, Hoda A.
Toghan, Arafat
Ahmed, Mahmoud A.
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Article History
Received: 6 June 2025
Accepted: 15 August 2025
First Online: 2 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors confirm compliance with all relevant institutional, national, and international ethical standards for this study, as required by the policies of Water, Air, & Soil Pollution (Springer Nature).
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study, where applicable, in accordance with the ethical standards upheld by Water, Air, & Soil Pollution (Springer Nature).
: All authors and participants consented to the publication of this work, including data and findings, in alignment with Springer Nature’s editorial policies for Water, Air, & Soil Pollution.
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
