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Article History

Received: 31 July 2024

Accepted: 19 August 2025

First Online: 2 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was not required for this study, as it did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or any procedures requiring ethical oversight. Dust samples were collected from vehicle spare parts shops on a voluntary basis with verbal consent from the shop owners. The study adhered to general research ethics principles regarding voluntary participation and data confidentiality.

: No identifiable personal data are presented in this manuscript. Consequently, individual consent for publication is not required. All authors have reviewed the final version and consent to its publication.

: “The authors declare no conflict of interest.”