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Article History

Received: 2 November 2024

Accepted: 3 December 2025

First Online: 18 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that this study presents original research and analysis. No external datasets were utilized, and the study did not involve human subjects or animal testing. Therefore, specific ethical approval was not required.

: All authors acknowledge their commitment to participating in manuscript revisions.

: All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its submission and publication in the Water, Air, & Soil Pollution journal.

: Authors declared no conflict of interest.