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Article History

Received: 14 February 2025

Accepted: 5 January 2026

First Online: 20 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human participants or animals, and therefore, ethical approval was not required. The research utilised biomass for heavy metal purification from synthetic wastewater.

: This study did not involve human participants, so consent to participate was not required.

: This study did not involve any identifiable data or figures, and therefore, consent to publish was not required.

: It is confirmed that there are no known conflicts of interest, whether financial or personal, that could have influenced the research or the findings presented in this paper.