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Article History

Received: 19 June 2025

Accepted: 7 January 2026

First Online: 23 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The water samples (groundwater and surface water) were collected in accordance with established environmental sampling protocols, as outlined by the APHA ( ) and relevant national guidelines. For groundwater samples collected from residential areas and river points near the dumpsite, the purpose of the study was clearly explained to the local households and stakeholders, and their verbal consent was obtained.

: All authors have agreed to participate in the research and preparation of the manuscript.

: All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication.

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial or personal interests that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.