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Article History

Received: 20 March 2025

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 7 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The precipitation dataset source is available at: . The dataset on evapotranspiration sources is available at: . Precipitation data is available at: . The monthly mean temperature dataset for China is available at: . The Land use dataset source is available at: . Elevation data and slope data are available at: . The dataset for soil and environmental covariates has been uploaded to Kaggle at: . The Python code is available at:

: This study did not involve human or animal subjects, and thus, no ethical approval was required. The study protocol adhered to the guidelines established by the journal.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants prior to the publication of this study.

: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.