Zaidi, Athirah
Saidin, Jasnizat
Sung, Yeong Yik
Zakaria, Nor Hafizah
Sinnasamy, Saranya
Sorgeloos, Patrick
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
Article History
Received: 8 October 2025
Accepted: 3 December 2025
First Online: 24 January 2026
Declarations
:
: This research employed Artemia franciscana as an invertebrate model. Given that invertebrates are not held to the same ethical standards as vertebrates, formal ethical approval was not a prerequisite for their use in this study. Nevertheless, all experimental procedures adhered to established guidelines to ensure the welfare of the Artemia .
: The authors declare no competing interests.