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Authors
Abbas, Ghassan Ali
Rahmat, Rabiah Al-Adawiyah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4419-683X
Abdul Rahim, Amir Hazwan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9085-0804
Gohain, Meghna
Kurniawan, Arofi
Abdullah, Mariam
Mohamad Zaini, Zuraiza
Ibrahim, Norliza https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2481-2893
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Malaya (BKP033–2023–ECR)
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Article History
Received: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 26 September 2025
First Online: 7 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethics approval for the study was obtained from the Medical Ethics Committee, Faculty of Dentistry (Ref. No: DF OS2103/0008(P)). All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008 (5).
: The informed consent requirement was given a waiver by the Medical Ethics Committee.
