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Authors
Hiraoka, Shin-ichiro
Sakamoto, Katsuya
Kawamura, Kohei
Uchida, Shuji
Akiyama, Ryo
Tanaka, Susumu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The University of Osaka
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Article History
Received: 30 December 2025
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 11 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethical committee of the Osaka University Dental Hospital (approval no. H29-E19). The need for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee of the Osaka University Dental Hospital, because of the retrospective nature of the study.
: Not applicable as no personal data were included in the study.
